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Radiation therapy-associated toxicity: Etiology, management, and prevention.
文献信息
| DOI | 10.3322/caac.21689 |
|---|---|
| PMID | 34255347 |
| 期刊 | CA: a cancer journal for clinicians |
| 影响因子 | 232.4 |
| JCR 分区 | Q1 |
| 发表年份 | 2021 |
| 被引次数 | 176 |
| 关键词 | 生活质量、辐射、副作用、毒性 |
| 文献类型 | Journal Article, Review |
| ISSN | 0007-9235 |
| 页码 | 437-454 |
| 期号 | 71(5) |
| 作者 | Kyle Wang, Joel E Tepper |
一句话小结
本文回顾了放射治疗对各人体器官系统的临床副作用及其管理,强调了电离辐射对正常组织的毒性风险与辐射剂量和体积之间的直接关系。研究表明,虽然技术进步已减少毒性反应,但理解放射治疗的急性和迟发效应对癌症患者的临床管理至关重要。
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摘要
放射治疗(RT)是一种针对多种恶性肿瘤的治愈性治疗方法,并为肿瘤相关症状的患者提供有效的缓解。然而,放射治疗的生物物理效应并非特定于肿瘤细胞,且由于周围器官和组织的暴露可能导致毒性反应。本文的作者回顾了放射治疗副作用在每个人体器官系统中的临床背景、病理生理、风险因素、表现及管理。电离辐射通过造成DNA损伤来诱导肿瘤死亡,但对正常组织的影响可能导致急性和/或迟发性毒性。毒性的表现取决于细胞特征以及受影响器官的解剖和生理。通常,正常组织的辐射剂量与体积与毒性风险之间存在直接关系,这促成了对大多数组织的指导方针和推荐剂量限制。副作用是多因素造成的,受基线患者特征和其他肿瘤治疗的影响。近年来的技术进步通过显著提高放射治疗的实施能力,最大限度地提高肿瘤剂量并最小化器官剂量,从而降低了放射治疗的毒性。因此,研究与放射治疗相关的毒性是放射肿瘤学培训的一个复杂且核心的组成部分,这一领域也随着癌症管理的进步而不断发展。由于放射治疗适用于多达一半的癌症患者,因此理解其在不同器官系统中的急性和迟发效应对于肿瘤科医生和非肿瘤科医生在临床上都是非常重要的。
英文摘要
Radiation therapy (RT) is a curative treatment for many malignancies and provides effective palliation in patients with tumor-related symptoms. However, the biophysical effects of RT are not specific to tumor cells and may produce toxicity due to exposure of surrounding organs and tissues. In this article, the authors review the clinical context, pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, and management of RT side effects in each human organ system. Ionizing radiation works by producing DNA damage leading to tumor death, but effects on normal tissue may result in acute and/or late toxicity. The manifestation of toxicity depends on both cellular characteristics and affected organs' anatomy and physiology. There is usually a direct relationship between the radiation dose and volume to normal tissues and the risk of toxicity, which has led to guidelines and recommended dose limits for most tissues. Side effects are multifactorial, with contributions from baseline patient characteristics and other oncologic treatments. Technological advances in recent decades have decreased RT toxicity by dramatically improving the ability to deliver RT that maximizes tumor dose and minimizes organ dose. Thus the study of RT-associated toxicity is a complex, core component of radiation oncology training that continues to evolve alongside advances in cancer management. Because RT is used in up to one-half of all patients with cancer, an understanding of its acute and late effects in different organ systems is clinically pertinent to both oncologists and nononcologists.
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主要研究问题
- 在不同类型的肿瘤中,放射治疗引起的毒性表现是否存在显著差异?
- 如何评估患者在接受放射治疗后发生急性和晚期毒性的风险?
- 放射治疗中有哪些新兴技术可以进一步减少正常组织的毒性?
- 患者的基线特征如何影响放射治疗相关毒性的发生和管理?
- 在放射治疗的不同阶段,临床医生应如何监测和应对毒性反应?
核心洞察
1. 研究背景和目的
放射治疗(RT)是治疗多种恶性肿瘤的有效手段,不仅能治愈肿瘤,还能缓解肿瘤相关症状。然而,RT对肿瘤细胞的生物物理效应并不局限于癌细胞,它也可能对周围的器官和组织造成毒性反应。本文旨在回顾RT毒性的临床背景、病理生理、风险因素、表现及各个器官系统的管理策略,以提高对放射治疗相关毒性的理解和应对能力。
2. 主要方法和发现
文章通过综述的方式,分析了RT对不同器官系统的毒性表现,探讨了导致毒性的细胞特征及受影响器官的解剖生理特性。研究发现,RT的毒性反应通常呈现出与辐射剂量和正常组织的受照体积直接相关的关系,进而导致了对大多数组织的剂量限制指南的制定。此外,毒性的发生是一个多因素的过程,患者的基础特征、其他肿瘤治疗手段均可能影响毒性的表现。近年来,技术进步显著提升了RT的精准度,从而在最大化肿瘤剂量的同时,减少了对正常组织的剂量。
3. 核心结论
放射治疗相关的毒性是放射肿瘤学培训的重要组成部分,随着癌症管理的进步,RT毒性的研究也在不断演变。理解不同器官系统的急性和晚期毒性效应对于临床医生(包括肿瘤科医生和非肿瘤科医生)具有重要的临床意义,因为RT在近一半的癌症患者中被应用。
4. 研究意义和影响
本研究的意义在于为临床医生提供了系统的RT毒性知识,帮助其更好地评估和管理患者的治疗反应。通过深入了解RT的毒性机制和影响因素,医生能够更有针对性地制定个性化的治疗方案,减少患者在接受RT过程中的不良反应。此外,随着放射治疗技术的不断进步,未来的研究将更关注如何在保证治疗效果的前提下,进一步降低RT相关的毒性风险,从而提升患者的生活质量和治疗满意度。
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